What Is the Conversion Sugar Readings From China to Us

Medical device for determining the concentration of glucose in the blood

Glucose meter
Four generations of blood glucose meter, c. 1993–2005. Sample sizes vary from 30 to 0.3 μl. Examination times vary from 5 seconds to 2 minutes (modern meters typically provide results in 5 seconds).
Purpose	measure concentration of glucose in the claret

A glucose meter, besides referred to as a "glucometer",^[1] is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. It tin can also be a strip of glucose newspaper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart. It is a key element of home claret glucose monitoring (HBGM) by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia. A minor drop of blood, obtained by pricking the skin with a lancet, is placed on a disposable exam strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dL or mmol/L.

Since approximately 1980, a primary goal of the management of type 1 diabetes and type ii diabetes mellitus has been achieving closer-to-normal levels of glucose in the blood for equally much of the time as possible, guided past HBGM several times a day. The benefits include a reduction in the occurrence rate and severity of long-term complications from hyperglycemia too as a reduction in the short-term, potentially life-threatening complications of hypoglycemia.

History [edit]

Leland Clark presented his first paper well-nigh the oxygen electrode, later named the Clark electrode, on 15 April 1956, at a meeting of the American Society for Artificial Organs during the almanac meetings of the Federated Societies for Experimental Biology.^{[ii] [3]} In 1962, Clark and Ann Lyons from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital developed the first glucose enzyme electrode. This biosensor was based on a thin layer of glucose oxidase (GOx) on an oxygen electrode. Thus, the readout was the amount of oxygen consumed past GOx during the enzymatic reaction with the substrate glucose. This publication became one of the most often cited papers in life sciences. Due to this work he is considered the "male parent of biosensors," specially with respect to the glucose sensing for diabetes patients.^{[4] [5]}

CDC image showing the usage of a lancet and a claret glucose meter

Some other early glucose meter was the Ames Reflectance Meter past Anton H. Clemens. It was used in American hospitals in the 1970s. A moving needle indicated the claret glucose after well-nigh a minute.

Dwelling glucose monitoring was demonstrated to meliorate glycemic control of type 1 diabetes in the late 1970s, and the starting time meters were marketed for dwelling house use around 1981. The two models initially dominant in North America in the 1980s were the Glucometer, introduced in Nov 1981,^[6] whose trademark is owned by Bayer, and the Accu-Chek meter (by Roche). Consequently, these brand names accept get synonymous with the generic product to many health care professionals. In Britain, a health care professional person or a patient may refer to "taking a BM": "Mrs Ten's BM is 5", etc. BM stands for Boehringer Mannheim, now part of Roche, who produce examination strips called 'BM-test' for utilize in a meter.^{[7] [eight]}

In Due north America, hospitals resisted adoption of meter glucose measurements for inpatient diabetes care for over a decade. Managers of laboratories argued that the superior accurateness of a laboratory glucose measurement outweighed the advantage of immediate availability and made meter glucose measurements unacceptable for inpatient diabetes management. Patients with diabetes and their endocrinologists eventually persuaded credence. Some health care policymakers still resist the idea that the society would be well advised to pay the consumables (reagents, lancets, etc.) needed.^{[ citation needed ]}

Dwelling glucose testing was adopted for type 2 diabetes more slowly than for type 1, and a large proportion of people with blazon two diabetes have never been instructed in home glucose testing.^[9] This has mainly come up near because wellness regime are reluctant to bear the price of the test strips and lancets.

Not-meter test strips [edit]

Exam strips that changed colour and could be read visually, without a meter, accept been widely used since the 1980s. They had the added advantage that they could be cut longitudinally to save money. Critics argued that test strips read by eye are not equally accurate or convenient as meter testing. The manufacturer cited studies that show the product is just equally effective despite non giving an answer to one decimal identify, something they argue is unnecessary for control of blood sugar. This fence as well happened in Frg where "Glucoflex-R" was an established strip for type 2 diabetes. Equally meter accuracy and insurance coverage improved, they lost popularity.

"Glucoflex-R" is Australia manufacturer National Diagnostic Products alternative to the BM exam strip. It has versions that can be used either in a meter or read visually. It is besides marketed under the make name Betachek. On May 1, 2009, the UK distributor Ambe Medical Grouping reduced the price of their "Glucoflex-R" test strip to the NHS, by approximately fifty%. This was expected to allow the NHS to save coin on strips and perhaps loosen the restrictions on supply a little. Some other low cost visually read strip is soon to be bachelor on prescription according to sources at the NHS.^{[ when? ]}

Types of meters [edit]

Hospital glucose meters [edit]

Special glucose meters for multi-patient hospital use are now used. These provide more elaborate quality command records. Their data handling capabilities are designed to transfer glucose results into electronic medical records and the laboratory computer systems for billing purposes.

Blood testing with meters using test strips [edit]

Illustration depicting glucose monitoring with glucometer

Illustration depicting glucose meter and test strips

There are several key characteristics of glucose meters which may differ from model to model:

• Size: The average size is at present approximately the size of the palm of the manus, although hospital meters can be the size of a remote control. They are battery-powered.
• Test strips: A consumable chemical element containing chemicals that react with glucose in the driblet of blood is used for each measurement. For some models this element is a plastic test strip with a pocket-size spot impregnated with glucose oxidase and other components. Each strip is used once then discarded. Instead of strips, some models use discs, drums, or cartridges that comprise the consumable fabric for multiple tests.

• Coding: Since test strips may vary from batch to batch, some models crave the user to manually enter in a code establish on the vial of test strips or on a chip that comes with the test strip. By inbound the coding or chip into the glucose meter, the meter will be calibrated to that batch of examination strips. However, if this process is carried out incorrectly, the meter reading can be up to 4 mmol/Fifty (72 mg/dL) inaccurate. The implications of an incorrectly coded meter can be serious for patients actively managing their diabetes. This may identify patients at increased risk of hypoglycemia. Alternatively, some test strips comprise the code information in the strip; others have a microchip in the vial of strips that tin be inserted into the meter. These concluding two methods reduce the possibility of user fault. 1 Bear upon has standardized their exam strips around a unmarried lawmaking number, so that, once set, at that place is no need to further change the lawmaking in their older meters, and in some of their newer meters, there is no way to change the code.

• Volume of blood sample: The size of the drop of blood needed by unlike models varies from 0.3 to 1 μl. (Older models required larger blood samples, usually defined as a "hanging drop" from the fingertip.) Smaller volume requirements reduce the frequency of unproductive pricks.
• Alternating site testing: Smaller drop volumes accept enabled "alternate site testing" – pricking the forearms or other less sensitive areas instead of the fingertips. This blazon of testing should only be used when claret glucose levels are stable, such equally when earlier meals, when fasting, or just earlier going to sleep.^[ten]
• Testing times: The times it takes to read a exam strip may range from 3 to 60 seconds for unlike models.
• Display: The glucose value in mg/dl or mmol/l is displayed on a digital brandish. The preferred measurement unit of measurement varies by land: mg/dl are preferred in the U.s., France, Japan, Israel, and India. mmol/fifty are used in Canada, Australia and Red china. Germany is the only land where medical professionals routinely operate in both units of measure. (To convert mmol/l to mg/dl, multiply past 18. To catechumen mg/dl to mmol/50, divide by xviii.) Many meters can brandish either unit of measure; at that place have been a couple of published instances^{[ citation needed ]} in which someone with diabetes has been misled into the wrong action past assuming that a reading in mmol/l was really a very low reading in mg/dl, or the converse. In general, if a value is presented with a decimal point, information technology is in mmol/l, without a decimal information technology is most likely mg/dl.

Table of claret glucose units of measurement by land [11] This section needs to be updated. Please help update this commodity to reflect recent events or newly bachelor information. (January 2017)
Land	Unit used	State	Unit of measurement used
Algeria	mg/dL	Malaysia	mmol/L
Argentine republic	mg/dL	Malta	mmol/Fifty
Australia	mmol/L	Mexico	mg/dL
Austria	mg/dL	Netherlands	mmol/L
Bahrain	mg/dL	New Zealand	mmol/L
Bangladesh	mg/dL	Kingdom of norway	mmol/L
Kingdom of belgium	mg/dL	Oman	mg/dL
Brazil	mg/dL	Republic of peru	mg/dL
Canada	mmol/L	Philippines	mg/dL
Caribbean countries	mg/dL	Poland	mg/dL
Chile	mg/dL	Portugal	mg/dL
Mainland china	mmol/50	Qatar	mmol/L
Republic of colombia	mg/dL	Russia	mmol/50
Czech republic	mmol/50	Saudi Arabia	mg/dL
Kingdom of denmark	mmol/L	Singapore	mmol/L
Republic of ecuador	mg/dL	Slovakia	mmol/L
Egypt	mg/dL	Due south Africa	mmol/L
Finland	mmol/L	Spain	mg/dL
French republic	mg/dL	Sub-Saharan Africa	mg/dL mmol/L
Georgia	mg/dL	Sweden	mmol/L
Germany	mg/dL mmol/L	Switzerland	mmol/L
Greece	mg/dL	Syria	mg/dL
Hong Kong	mmol/L	Taiwan	mg/dL
India	mg/dL	Thailand	mg/dL
Indonesia	mg/dL	Tunisia	mg/dL
Ireland	mmol/L	Turkey	mg/dL
Israel	mg/dL	Ukraine	mmol/50
Italy	mg/dL	United Arab Emirates (UAE)	mg/dL
Nihon	mg/dL	Great britain	mmol/L
Jordan	mg/dL	United States	mg/dL
Kazakhstan	mmol/50	Uruguay	mg/dL
Korea	mg/dL	Venezuela	mg/dL
State of kuwait	mg/dL	Vietnam	mmol/L
Lebanon	mg/dL	Yemen	mg/dL
Luxembourg	mg/dL

• Glucose vs. plasma glucose: Glucose levels in plasma (one of the components of claret) are higher than glucose measurements in whole blood; the difference is about 11% when the hematocrit is normal. This is important because home claret glucose meters measure the glucose in whole blood while most lab tests measure the glucose in plasma. Currently, there are many meters on the market that give results every bit "plasma equivalent," even though they are measuring whole blood glucose. The plasma equivalent is calculated from the whole blood glucose reading using an equation built into the glucose meter. This allows patients to easily compare their glucose measurements in a lab exam and at home. It is important for patients and their health care providers to know whether the meter gives its results as "whole claret equivalent" or "plasma equivalent." 1 model measures beta-hydroxybutyrate in the claret to find ketosis for measuring both unhealthy ketoacidosis and good for you nutritional ketosis.

• Clock/retention: Nigh meters now include a clock that is set up past the user for engagement and time and a memory for by test results. The memory is an important aspect of diabetes care, equally information technology enables the person with diabetes to keep a record of management and expect for trends and patterns in blood glucose levels over days and weeks. Well-nigh retentivity chips tin brandish an average of contempo glucose readings. A known deficiency of all current meters is that the clock is often not set to the correct time (i.eastward., due to fourth dimension changes, static electricity, etc.) and therefore has the potential to misrepresent the fourth dimension of the past exam results making pattern management difficult.

• Data transfer: Many meters now take more sophisticated data handling capabilities. Many can be downloaded by a cable or infrared to a computer that has diabetes management software to display the exam results. Some meters allow information transfer to smartphones using Bluetooth engineering science, where an app tin be used to monitor readings over time. Some meters permit entry of additional data throughout the day, such as insulin dose, amounts of carbohydrates eaten, or exercise. A number of meters have been combined with other devices, such every bit insulin injection devices, PDAs, cellular transmitters,^[12] and Game Boys.^[13] A radio link to an insulin pump allows automatic transfer of glucose readings to a estimator that assists the wearer in deciding on an appropriate insulin dose.

Price [edit]

The price of dwelling blood glucose monitoring tin can be substantial due to the cost of the exam strips. In 2006, the consumer cost of each glucose strip ranged from most $0.35 to $1.00. Manufacturers often provide meters at no cost to induce utilise of the assisting test strips. Blazon 1 diabetics may test as frequently as iv to 10 times a solar day due to the dynamics of insulin adjustment, whereas type 2 typically test less oftentimes, specially when insulin is not function of treatment. A recent study on the comparative price-effectiveness of all options for the cocky-monitoring of claret glucose funded by the National Health Service in the UK uncovered considerable variation in the price paid, which could not be explained by the availability of advanced meter features. It estimated that a total of £12 m was invested in providing 42 million self-monitoring of claret glucose tests with systems that fail to come across adequate accurateness standards, and efficiency savings of £23.2 thousand per annum are achievable if the National Health Service were to disinvest from technologies providing lesser functionality than available alternatives, simply at a much higher price.^[xiv] Batches of counterfeit test strips for some meters take been identified, which have been shown to produce inaccurate results.^[15]

Noninvasive meters [edit]

The search for a successful technique began virtually 1975 and has continued to the present without a clinically or commercially viable product.^[16] Equally of 1999^[update], but 1 such production had ever been canonical for sale by the FDA, based on a technique for electrically pulling glucose through intact skin, and it was withdrawn later a brusque time owing to poor performance and occasional impairment to the skin of users.^[17]

Continuous glucose monitors [edit]

Continuous glucose monitor. The sensor and transmitter are fixed to the upper arm. The reader shows days to replacement of sensor, current blood glucose level and a diagram of the latest claret glucose levels.

Continuous glucose monitor systems tin can consist of a disposable sensor placed under the pare, a transmitter connected to the sensor and a reader that receives and displays the measurements. The sensor can exist used for several days before it needs to be replaced. The devices provide real-fourth dimension measurements, and reduce the need for fingerprick testing of glucose levels. A drawback is that the meters are not equally authentic because they read the glucose levels in the interstitial fluid which lags behind the levels in the blood.^{[18] [19]} Continuous blood glucose monitoring systems are too relatively expensive.

Accuracy [edit]

Accuracy of glucose meters is a common topic of clinical concern. Blood glucose meters must meet accuracy standards gear up by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Co-ordinate to ISO 15197 Blood glucose meters must provide results that are within ±15% of a laboratory standard for concentrations above 100 mg/dL or within ±15 mg/dL for concentrations below 100 mg/dL at least 95% of the time.^[20] However, a diversity of factors tin bear on the accuracy of a exam. Factors affecting accuracy of various meters include calibration of meter, ambient temperature, pressure use to wipe off strip (if applicative), size and quality of blood sample, loftier levels of certain substances (such as ascorbic acid) in blood, hematocrit, dirt on meter, humidity, and aging of test strips. Models vary in their susceptibility to these factors and in their ability to prevent or warn of inaccurate results with fault messages. The Clarke Error Grid has been a common way of analyzing and displaying accuracy of readings related to management consequences. More than recently an improved version of the Clarke Error Filigree has come up into utilize: It is known every bit the Consensus Fault Grid. Older blood glucose meters often need to be "coded" with the lot of test strips used, otherwise, the accurateness of the claret glucose meter may be compromised due to lack of scale.

Futurity [edit]

Parts of this article (those related to the Hereafter section) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)

One noninvasive glucose meter has been approved by the U.S. FDA: The GlucoWatch G2 Biographer made past Cygnus Inc. The device was designed to be worn on the wrist and used electric fields to draw out body fluid for testing. The device did not supervene upon conventional blood glucose monitoring. One limitation was that the GlucoWatch was not able to cope with perspiration at the measurement site. Sweat must exist allowed to dry before measurement can resume. Due to this limitation and others, the product is no longer on the market.

The market introduction of noninvasive blood glucose measurement by spectroscopic measurement methods, in the field of most-infrared (NIR), by extracorporal measuring devices, has not been successful because the devices measure tissue sugar in body tissues and not the blood sugar in blood fluid. To determine claret glucose, the measuring beam of infrared calorie-free, for example, has to penetrate the tissue for measurement of blood glucose.

There are currently 3 CGMS (continuous glucose monitoring organization) bachelor. The first is Medtronic's Minimed Epitome RTS with a sub-cutaneous probe fastened to a pocket-size transmitter (roughly the size of a quarter) that sends interstitial glucose levels to a small pager sized receiver every v minutes. The Dexcom System is another system, available in two different generations in the US, the G4 and the G5. (1Q 2016). It is a hypodermic probe with a small transmitter. The receiver is about the size of a cell telephone and can operate up to twenty feet from the transmitter. The Dexcom G4 transmits via radio frequency and requires a defended receiver.^[21] The G5 version utilizes Bluetooth low energy for data manual, and can transmit information directly to a compatible cellular phone. Currently, just Apple'due south iPhone can be used as a receiver,^[22] but Dexcom is in the process of getting an Android version approved, and anticipates availability in the second half of 2016. Aside from a two-hour calibration period, monitoring is logged at five-minute intervals for upward to one week. The user tin can set the loftier and depression glucose alarms. The 3rd CGMS available is the FreeStyle Navigator from Abbott Laboratories.

In that location is currently an effort to develop an integrated treatment arrangement with a glucose meter, insulin pump, and wristop controller, every bit well as an effort to integrate the glucose meter and a cell telephone. These glucose meter/cellular telephone combinations are nether testing and currently cost The states$149 retail.^{[ when? ]} Testing strips are proprietary and available only through the manufacturer (no insurance availability). These "Glugophones" are currently offered in iii forms: as a dongle for the iPhone, an addition pack for LG model UX5000, VX5200, and LX350 cell phones, as well as an add-on pack for the Motorola Razr prison cell phone. In Us, this limits providers to AT&T and Verizon. Similar systems have been tested for a longer fourth dimension in Finland.^{[ citation needed ]}

Recent advances in cellular data communications engineering take enabled the development of glucose meters that straight integrate cellular information manual capability, enabling the user to both transmit glucose data to the medical caregiver and receive direct guidance from the caregiver on the screen of the glucose meter. The first such device, from Telcare, Inc., was exhibited at the 2010 CTIA International Wireless Expo,^[23] where it won an East-Tech honor. This device and then underwent clinical testing in the US and internationally.

In early on 2014 Google reported testing prototypes of contact lenses that monitor glucose levels and warning users when glucose levels cross sure thresholds.^{[24] [25] [26]}

Engineering [edit]

Two used Accu-Chek examination strips. The lower one has had the encompass peeled off to show the circuit.

Many glucose meters employ the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone catalyzed by glucose oxidase (sometimes known as GOx). Others use a similar reaction catalysed instead past some other enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). This has the reward of sensitivity over glucose oxidase simply is more susceptible to interfering reactions with other substances.^[27]

The beginning-generation devices relied on the same colorimetric reaction that is still used nowadays in glucose test strips for urine. Likewise glucose oxidase, the test kit contains a benzidine derivative, which is oxidized to a blueish polymer past the hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidation reaction. The disadvantage of this method was that the exam strip had to be developed afterward a precise interval (the blood had to be washed abroad), and the meter needed to be calibrated frequently.

Most glucometers today use an electrochemical method. Test strips contain a capillary that sucks up a reproducible corporeality of claret. The glucose in the claret reacts with an enzyme electrode containing glucose oxidase (or dehydrogenase). The enzyme is reoxidized with an excess of a mediator reagent, such as a ferricyanide ion, a ferrocene derivative or osmium bipyridyl complex. The mediator in plough is reoxidized by reaction at the electrode, which generates an electric current. The total charge passing through the electrode is proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood that has reacted with the enzyme. The coulometric method is a technique where the total amount of charge generated by the glucose oxidation reaction is measured over a period of fourth dimension. The amperometric method is used by some meters and measures the electric current generated at a specific indicate in time past the glucose reaction. This is analogous to throwing a ball and using the speed at which it is travelling at a point in time to judge how hard it was thrown. The coulometric method can allow for variable examination times, whereas the examination time on a meter using the amperometric method is always stock-still. Both methods give an estimation of the concentration of glucose in the initial blood sample.

The same principle is used in test strips that take been commercialized for the detection of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). These test strips use a beta-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase enzyme instead of a glucose oxidizing enzyme and have been used to detect and help treat some of the complications that can upshot from prolonged hyperglycemia.^[28]

Blood alcohol sensors using the same approach, but with alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, have been tried and patented but have not nevertheless been successfully commercially developed.

Meter utilise for hypoglycemia [edit]

Although the apparent value of firsthand measurement of blood glucose might seem to be higher for hypoglycemia than hyperglycemia, meters take been less useful. The chief issues are precision and ratio of false positive and negative results. An imprecision of ±xv% is less of a problem for loftier glucose levels than low. There is footling divergence in the management of a glucose of 200 mg/dl compared with 260 (i.e., a "true" glucose of 230±15%), only a ±15% fault margin at a low glucose concentration brings greater ambiguity with regards to glucose management.

The imprecision is compounded by the relative likelihoods of faux positives and negatives in populations with diabetes and those without. People with type one diabetes normally have a wider range of glucose levels, and glucose peaks above normal, frequently ranging from 40 to 500 mg/dl (2.2 to 28 mmol/50), and when a meter reading of fifty or 70 (2.8 or three.ix mmol/l) is accompanied by their usual hypoglycemic symptoms, there is picayune uncertainty well-nigh the reading representing a "truthful positive" and little harm done if it is a "false positive." However, the incidence of hypoglycemia unawareness, hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) and faulty counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia make the demand for greater reliability at depression levels particularly urgent in patients with type one diabetes mellitus, while this is seldom an issue in the more common class of the affliction, type ii diabetes mellitus.

In dissimilarity, people who do not accept diabetes may periodically have hypoglycemic symptoms simply may also accept a much college rate of faux positives to true, and a meter is not accurate enough to base a diagnosis of hypoglycemia upon. A meter can occasionally be useful in the monitoring of astringent types of hypoglycemia (e.g., congenital hyperinsulinism) to ensure that the average glucose when fasting remains to a higher place 70 mg/dl (three.9 mmol/50).

Meet likewise [edit]

• ISO/IEEE 11073

References [edit]

1. ^ "Definition of GLUCOMETER". www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2020-10-10 .
2. ^ Advances in Electrochemical Sciences and Applied science : Bioelectrochemistry : Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments. Somerset, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
3. ^ Lipkowski, J., Kolb, D. M., & Alkire, R. C. (2011). Bioelectrochemistry : Fundamentals, Applications and Contempo Developments. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
4. ^ Advances in Electrochemical Sciences and Engineering science : Bioelectrochemistry : Fundamentals, Applications and Contempo Developments. Somerset, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
5. ^ Lipkowski, J., Kolb, D. M., & Alkire, R. C. (2011). Bioelectrochemistry : Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
6. ^ "Portable Meter To Aid Diabetics", Pittsburgh Printing, Nov 5, 1981, p. A-vi
7. ^ "Insulin Pumpers UK: Glossary". Insulin-pumpers.org.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-xiii .
8. ^ "Diabetic Seniors – Informational Resource for Seniors with Diabetes". Diabetes-wise.net. Archived from the original on 2014-eleven-08. Retrieved 2014-03-13 .
9. ^ "Diabetes Britain, Great britain Diabetes Resource, Diabetes Symptoms, Diabetes Nutrition, Gestational Diabetes". Diabetes.co.u.k.. Retrieved 2014-03-13 .
10. ^ "Alternate site testing". Accu-Chek.com. Retrieved 2018-07-20 .
11. ^ "Home | Freestyle". Abbottdiabetescare.com.au. 2013-08-13. Archived from the original on Feb 19, 2011. Retrieved 2014-03-13 .
12. ^ "Print Diabetes Self-Management". Diabetesselfmanagement.com. Retrieved 2014-03-xiii .
13. ^ "Diabetes In Command : Newsletter" (PDF). Diabetesincontrol.com. Retrieved 2014-03-13 .
14. ^ Leigh, Simon; Idris, Iskandar; Collins, Brendan; Granby, Paul; Noble, Max; Parker, Mark (Nov 2015). "Promoting wellness and reducing costs: a office for reform of self-monitoring of blood glucose provision within the National Wellness Service". Diabetic Medicine. 33 (five): 681–xc. doi:10.1111/dme.12977. PMID 26443548. S2CID 19190997.
15. ^ "Bogus Diabetes Examination Strips Traced to Chinese Benefactor". The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-03-13 .
16. ^ The Pursuit of Noninvasive Glucose, 3rd Edition, by John L. Smith, Ph.D., available at http://www.mendosa.com/The%20Pursuit%20of%20Noninvasive%20Glucose%203rd%20Edition.pdf.
17. ^ Tamada JA, Garg S, Jovanovic L, Pitzer KR, Fermi S, Potts RO (November 1999). "Noninvasive glucose monitoring: comprehensive clinical results. Cygnus Research Team". JAMA. 282 (19): 1839–44. doi:ten.1001/jama.282.19.1839. PMID 10573275.
18. ^ "Continuous Glucose Monitoring". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
19. ^ "FreeStyle Libre". Abbott Laboratories. Retrieved 21 February 2016. An example of a CGM
20. ^ Freckmann, G; Schmid, C; Baumstark, A; Rutschmann, M; Haug, C; Heinemann, L (July 2015). "Analytical Performance Requirements for Systems for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose With Focus on System Accuracy: Relevant Differences Among ISO 15197:2003, ISO 15197:2013, and Current FDA Recommendations". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 9 (4): 885–94. doi:10.1177/1932296815580160. PMC4525642. PMID 25872965.
21. ^ "Dexcom G4 product website". Retrieved 2016-01-30 .
22. ^ "Dexcom Product Compatibility". Retrieved 2016-01-thirty .
23. ^ "CTIA International Wireless 2010 Finds Telcare Inc. Measures Up to Emerging Technology Laurels for Cellular-enabled Blood Glucose Meter Solution". Eworldwire. 2010-03-25. Retrieved 2014-03-13 .
24. ^ NM Farandos; AK Yetisen; MJ Monteiro; CR Lowe; SH Yun (2014). "Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics". Advanced Healthcare Materials. iv (6): 792–810. doi:10.1002/adhm.201400504. PMID 25400274.
25. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (January xvi, 2014). "Google Unveils Smart Contact Lens That Lets Diabetics Measure out Their Glucose Levels". TechCrunch . Retrieved January 17, 2014.
26. ^ Mendoza, Martha (January 16, 2014). "Google develops contact lens glucose monitor". Associated Press. Retrieved Jan 17, 2014.
27. ^ "How Do Claret-Glucose Meters Work?". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
28. ^ Ghoshdastider U, Wu R, Trzaskowski B, Mlynarczyk Yard, Miszta P, Gurusaran Yard, Viswanathan S, Renugopalakrishnan V, Filipek S (2015). "Nano-Encapsulation of Glucose Oxidase Dimer by Graphene". RSC Advances. five (18): 13570–78. doi:10.1039/C4RA16852F. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_meter

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